Xa ubona imoto, umbono wakho wokuqala mhlawumbi unokuba ngumbala womzimba. Namhlanje, ukuba nepeyinti entle ekhazimlayo yenye yemigangatho esisiseko yokwenziwa kweemoto. Kodwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu eyadlulayo, ukupeyinta imoto kwakungelula, kwaye yayingentle kangako kunanamhlanje. Ipeyinti yemoto yatshintsha njani ukuya kwinqanaba enalo namhlanje? USurley uza kukuxelela imbali yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokupeyinta ipeyinti yemoto.
Imizuzwana elishumi yokuqonda umbhalo opheleleyo:
1,I-Lacqueryaqala eTshayina, iNtshona yakhokela emva kwenguquko yemizi-mveliso.
2, Ipeyinti yezinto ezisisiseko zendalo iyoma kancinci, nto leyo echaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokwenziwa kweemoto, iDuPont yasungula ukomisa ngokukhawulezaipeyinti ye-nitro.
3, Iimbumbulu zokutshizaithatha indawo yeebhrashi, nto leyo enika ifilimu yokupenda efanayo ngakumbi.
4, Ukusuka kwi-alkyd ukuya kwi-acrylic, ukuphishekela ukuqina nokwahlukahluka kuyaqhubeka.
5, Ukusuka "ekutshizeni" ukuya "ekudibaniseni idiphu"Ngokusebenzisa i-lacquer bath, ukuqhubekeka kokufuna umgangatho wepeyinti kuza kwi-phosphating kunye ne-electrodeposition ngoku.
6, Ukutshintshwa ngeipeyinti esekelwe emanziniekufuneni ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
7, Ngoku nakwixesha elizayo, iteknoloji yokudweba iya isiba ngaphaya kokucinga,nokuba akukho peyinti.
Eyona ndima iphambili yepeyinti kukulwa nokwaluphala
Imbono yabantu abaninzi ngendima yepeyinti kukunika izinto imibala eqaqambileyo, kodwa ngokwembono yokwenziwa kwemizi-mveliso, umbala ngokwenene uyimfuneko yesibini; umhlwa kunye nokulwa nokwaluphala yeyona njongo iphambili. Ukususela kwiintsuku zokuqala zokudibanisa isinyithi nomthi ukuya kumzimba omhlophe wesinyithi ococekileyo wanamhlanje, umzimba wemoto udinga ipeyinti njengomaleko okhuselayo. Imingeni ekufuneka ipeyinti ijongane nayo kukuguguleka kwendalo okufana nelanga, isanti nemvula, umonakalo womzimba ofana nokukrwela, ukukhuhla kunye nokungqubana, kunye nokukhukuliseka okufana netyuwa kunye nenkunkuma yezilwanyana. Ekuphuhlisweni kwetekhnoloji yokupenda, le nkqubo iphuhlisa kancinci kancinci izikhumba ezisebenzayo nezihlala ixesha elide nezintle ukuze umzimba ukwazi ukuhlangabezana nale mingeni ngcono.
I-Lacquer evela eTshayina
I-Lacquer inembali ende kakhulu, kwaye okudanisayo kukuba isikhundla esiphambili kubuchwepheshe be-lacquer yayisesaseTshayina ngaphambi kweNguquko yezeMizi-mveliso. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-lacquer kususela kwixesha leNeolithic, kwaye emva kwexesha leMfazwe yaMazwe, iingcali zasebenzisa ioyile ye-tung ekhutshwe kwimbewu yomthi we-tung kwaye zongeza i-lacquer eluhlaza yendalo ukwenza umxube weepeyinti, nangona ngelo xesha i-lacquer yayiyinto yodidi kwizikhulu. Emva kokusekwa koBukhosi baseMing, uZhu Yuanzhang waqala ukuseka ishishini le-lacquer likarhulumente, kwaye ubuchwepheshe bepeyinti baphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza. Umsebenzi wokuqala waseTshayina kubuchwepheshe bepeyinti, "Incwadi yoPainting", waqulunqwa nguHuang Cheng, umenzi we-lacquer kwiBukhosi baseMing. Ngenxa yophuhliso lobuchwephesha kunye norhwebo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle, izixhobo ze-lacquer zaziphuhlise inkqubo yeshishini lezandla evuthiweyo kwiBukhosi baseMing.
Eyona peyinti yeoyile ye-tung ephucukileyo kakhulu yoBukhosi bukaMing yayiyeyona nto iphambili ekuvelisweni kweenqanawa. Isazi saseSpeyin senkulungwane ye-16 uMendoza sikhankanye kwincwadi ethi "History of the Greater China Empire" ukuba iinqanawa zaseTshayina ezigqunywe ngeoyile ye-tung zazinobude obuphindwe kabini kunobo beenqanawa zaseYurophu.
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-18, ekugqibeleni iYurophu yaqhela yaza yaziqonda kakuhle iteknoloji yepeyinti yeoyile ye-tung, kwaye ishishini lepeyinti laseYurophu laqala ukumila kancinci kancinci. Ioyile ye-tung yezinto eziluhlaza, ngaphandle kokusetyenziselwa i-lacquer, yayikwayimpahla ebalulekileyo kwezinye iifemu, eyayisalawulwa yiTshayina, kwaye yaba yimpahla ebalulekileyo yefemu kwiinguqu ezimbini zefemu ukuya kuthi ga ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa imithi ye-tung eyatyalwa eMntla naseMzantsi Melika yaqala ukumila, nto leyo eyaphula ulawulo lweTshayina lwezinto eziluhlaza.
Ukomisa akusathathi iintsuku ezingama-50
Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iimoto zazisakhiwa kusetyenziswa iipeyinti zendalo ezifana neoyile ye-linseed njenge-binder.
KwanoFord, owaba nguvulindlela kumgca wemveliso wokwakha iimoto, wasebenzisa ipeyinti emnyama yaseJapan kuphela phantse kakhulu ukuze alandele isantya sokwenziwa kwayo kuba yoma ngokukhawuleza, kodwa emva kwayo yonke loo nto, iseyipeyinti yendalo, kwaye umaleko wepeyinti usadinga ixesha elingaphezu kweveki ukuze wome.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1920, uDuPont wasebenza kwipeyinti ye-nitrocellulose eyomisa ngokukhawuleza (eyaziwa ngokuba yipeyinti ye-nitrocellulose) eyayenza abenzi beemoto bancume, bengasafuneki ukusebenza kwiimoto ezinemijikelo emide kangaka yepeyinti.
Ngo-1921, iDuPont yayisele ikhokela ekwenzeni iifilimu ze-nitrate, njengoko yajika yasebenzisa iimveliso ze-nitrocellulose-based non-explosives ukuze ifunxe izixhobo ezinkulu eyayizakhe ngexesha lemfazwe. Ngemini eshushu yangoLwesihlanu ngoJulayi 1921, umsebenzi kwisityalo sefilimu saseDuPont washiya ibherele ye-nitrate cotton fiber edokini ngaphambi kokuba aphume emsebenzini. Xa wayivula kwakhona ngoMvulo kusasa, wafumanisa ukuba ibhakede yayisele iguqukile yaba lulwelo olucacileyo, oluqinileyo olwathi kamva lwaba sisiseko sepeyinti ye-nitrocellulose. Ngo-1924, iDuPont yaphuhlisa ipeyinti ye-DUCO nitrocellulose, isebenzisa i-nitrocellulose njengezinto eziphambili zokwenza kwaye yongeza ii-resin zokwenziwa, ii-plasticizers, izinyibilikisi kunye nezinto ezinciphisayo ukuze ixutywe. Eyona nzuzo inkulu yepeyinti ye-nitrocellulose kukuba yoma ngokukhawuleza, xa ithelekiswa nepeyinti yendalo ethatha iveki okanye iiveki ukuba yome, ipeyinti ye-nitrocellulose ithatha iiyure ezi-2 kuphela ukuba yome, yandisa kakhulu isantya sokupeyinta. Ngo-1924, phantse yonke imigca yemveliso yeGeneral Motors yayisebenzisa ipeyinti ye-Duco nitrocellulose.
Ngokwemvelo, ipeyinti ye-nitrocellulose ineengxaki zayo. Ukuba itshizwa kwindawo efumileyo, ifilimu iya kuba mhlophe ngokulula ize ilahlekelwe kukukhazimla kwayo. Umphezulu wepeyinti owenziweyo awunakumelana nokugqwala kwizithambisi ezisekelwe kwi-petroleum, ezifana nepetroli, ezingonakalisa umphezulu wepeyinti, kwaye igesi yeoyile ephumayo ngexesha lokufaka amafutha inokukhawulezisa ukonakala komphezulu wepeyinti ojikelezileyo.
Ukutshintshwa kweebhulashi ngee-spray guns ukusombulula iileya zepeyinti ezingalinganiyo
Ukongeza kwiimpawu zepeyinti ngokwayo, indlela yokupenda ikwabaluleke kakhulu ekuqineni nasekuqineni komphezulu wepeyinti. Ukusetyenziswa kwezibhamu zokutshiza kwakuyinto ebalulekileyo kwimbali yetekhnoloji yokupenda. Isibhamu sokutshiza saziswa ngokupheleleyo kwicandelo lokupeyinta lemizi-mveliso ngo-1923 nakwishishini leemoto ngo-1924.
Ngoko ke usapho lakwaDeVilbiss lwaseka iDeVilbiss, inkampani edumileyo kwihlabathi liphela egxile kubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-atomization. Kamva, kwazalwa unyana ka-Alan DeVilbiss, uTom DeVilbiss. Unyana kaGqr. Alan DeVilbiss, uTom DeVilbiss, wathatha into eyaveliswa nguyise ngaphaya kwecandelo lezonyango. UDeVilbiss wathatha into eyaveliswa nguyise ngaphaya kwecandelo lezonyango waza waguqula i-atomizer yokuqala yaba yi-spray gun yokufaka ipeyinti.
Kwicandelo lokupeyinta kwemizi-mveliso, iibrashi ziyaphelelwa lixesha ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yemipu yokutshiza. U-deVilbiss ebesebenza kwicandelo le-atomization kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 kwaye ngoku ukhokela kwicandelo lemipu yokutshiza yemizi-mveliso kunye nee-atomizer zonyango.
Ukusuka kwi-alkyd ukuya kwi-acrylic, ihlala ixesha elide kwaye inamandla ngakumbi
Kwiminyaka yoo-1930, ipeyinti ye-alkyd resin enamel, ebizwa ngokuba yipeyinti ye-alkyd enamel, yangeniswa kwinkqubo yokupenda iimoto. Iindawo zesinyithi zomzimba wemoto zazitshizwa ngolu hlobo lwepeyinti zaze zomiswa e-oven ukuze zenze ifilimu yepeyinti eqinileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa neepeyinti ze-nitrocellulose, iipeyinti ze-alkyd enamel zikhawuleza ukufakwa, zifuna amanyathelo ama-2 ukuya kwama-3 kuphela xa kuthelekiswa namanyathelo ama-3 ukuya kuma-4 epeyinti ze-nitrocellulose. Iipeyinti ze-enamel azomi nje ngokukhawuleza, kodwa zikwamelana nezinyibilikisi ezifana nepetroli.
Nangona kunjalo, ingxaki yee-enamel ze-alkyd kukuba ziyoyika ukukhanya kwelanga, kwaye elangeni ifilimu yepeyinti iya kunyibilikiswa ngesantya esikhawulezayo kwaye umbala uya kunyamalala kungekudala kwaye ube buthuntu, ngamanye amaxesha le nkqubo inokuba ngaphakathi kweenyanga ezimbalwa nje. Nangona zingalunganga, ii-resin ze-alkyd azikasuswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ziseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yetekhnoloji yokugquma yanamhlanje. Iipeyinti ze-acrylic ze-thermoplastic zavela ngeminyaka yoo-1940, ziphucula kakhulu ukuhombisa kunye nokuqina kokugqitywa, kwaye ngo-1955, iGeneral Motors yaqala ukupeyinta iimoto nge-resin entsha ye-acrylic. I-rheology yale peyinti yayihlukile kwaye yayifuna ukutshizwa kumxholo ophantsi we-solids, ngaloo ndlela ifuna ii-coats ezininzi. Olu phawu lubonakala lungalunganga lwaluluncedo ngelo xesha kuba lwaluvumela ukufakwa kwee-flakes zesinyithi kwi-coating. I-varnish ye-acrylic yatshizwa nge-viscosity yokuqala ephantsi kakhulu, ivumela ii-flakes zesinyithi ukuba zithe tyaba ukuze zenze umaleko obonakalisayo, kwaye emva koko i-viscosity yanda ngokukhawuleza ukubamba ii-flakes zesinyithi endaweni yazo. Ke ngoko, ipeyinti yesinyithi yazalwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba eli xesha libone inkqubela phambili ngequbuliso kubuchwepheshe bokupenda i-acrylic eYurophu. Oku kwavela kwimiqathango eyabekwa kumazwe aseYurophu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini, eyayithintela ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izixhobo zeekhemikhali kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso, njenge-nitrocellulose, izinto ezifunekayo kwipeyinti ye-nitrocellulose, enokusetyenziswa ukwenza iziqhushumbisi. Ngale miqathango, iinkampani kula mazwe zaqala ukugxila kubuchwepheshe bokupenda i-enamel, ziphuhlisa inkqubo yokupenda i-acrylic urethane. xa iipeyinti zaseYurophu zangena eMelika ngo-1980, iinkqubo zokupenda iimoto zaseMelika zazikude kakhulu neembangi zaseYurophu.
Inkqubo ye-phosphating kunye ne-electrophoresis ezenzekelayo yokufuna umgangatho wepeyinti ophucukileyo
Kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini yayilixesha lokunyuka komgangatho wokugqoka umzimba. Ngeli xesha eMelika, ukongeza kwezothutho, iimoto zazikwanophawu lokuphucula imeko yoluntu, ngoko ke abanini beemoto babefuna iimoto zabo zibukeke zikumgangatho ophezulu, nto leyo eyayifuna ukuba ipeyinti ibonakale ikhazimla ngakumbi kwaye ibe nemibala emihle ngakumbi.
Ukususela ngo-1947, iinkampani zeemoto zaqala ukupeyinta imiphezulu yesinyithi ngaphambi kokupeyinta, njengendlela yokuphucula ukunamathela kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwepeyinti. I-primer nayo yatshintshwa ukusuka kwi-spray ukuya kwi-dip coating, oko kuthetha ukuba amalungu omzimba antywiliswa kwidama lepeyinti, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifane ngakumbi kwaye i-coating ibanzi ngakumbi, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iindawo ezinzima ukufikelela kuzo ezifana nemingxuma nazo zinokupeyintwa.
Kwiminyaka yoo-1950, iinkampani zeemoto zafumanisa ukuba nangona kwakusetyenziswa indlela yokugquma nge-dip, inxalenye yepeyinti yayiza kuhlanjwa kwinkqubo elandelayo ngezinyibilikisi, nto leyo eyanciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthintela umhlwa. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, ngo-1957, iFord yadibana nePPG phantsi kobunkokeli bukaGqr. George Brewer. Phantsi kobunkokeli bukaGqr. George Brewer, iFord kunye nePPG baphuhlisa indlela yokugquma nge-electrodeposition esetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku.
Emva koko uFord waseka ivenkile yokuqala yokupenda i-anodic electrophoretic ehlabathini ngo-1961. Nangona kunjalo, ubuchwepheshe bokuqala babuneziphene, kwaye iPPG yazisa inkqubo yokugquma i-cathodic electrophoretic ephezulu kunye neengubo ezifanayo ngo-1973.
Ipeyinti ihlale intle ukunciphisa ungcoliseko lwepeyinti esekwe emanzini
Phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-70, ulwazi lokonga amandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo okubangelwe yingxaki yeoyile nako kwaba nefuthe elikhulu kwishishini lokupenda. Kwiminyaka yoo-80, amazwe amisela imithetho emitsha ye-volatious organic compound (VOC), eyenza ukuba ii-acrylic paint coatings ezinomxholo ophezulu we-VOC kunye nokuqina okubuthathaka zingamkeleki kwimarike. Ukongeza, abathengi balindele ukuba i-body paint effects ihlale ubuncinane iminyaka emi-5, nto leyo efuna ukuba kujongwane nokuqina kokugqitywa kwepeyinti.
Njengoko umaleko we-lacquer ocacileyo ufana nomaleko okhuselayo, ipeyinti yombala yangaphakathi akufuneki ibe nkulu njengangaphambili, kufuneka umaleko omncinci kakhulu kuphela ngeenjongo zokuhombisa. Ii-UV absorbers zongezwa kumaleko we-lacquer ukukhusela imibala kumaleko ocacileyo kunye ne-primer, nto leyo eyandisa kakhulu ubomi be-primer kunye nepeyinti yombala.
Indlela yokupeyinta ekuqaleni ibiza kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimodeli ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kwakhona, ukuqina kwe-clear coat kwakungaqinanga, kwaye kungekudala yayiza kuqhekeka ize ifune ukupeyintwa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, kwiminyaka elishumi elandelayo, ishishini leemoto kunye neshishini lokupenda basebenze ukuphucula iteknoloji yokupeyinta, kungekuphela nje ngokunciphisa iindleko kodwa nangokuphuhlisa unyango olutsha lomphezulu oluphucule kakhulu ubomi be-clear coat.
Itekhnoloji yokupenda emangalisa ngakumbi
Njengoko ikamva lendlela yophuhliso oluqhelekileyo lokupeyinta, abanye abantu kushishino bakholelwa ukuba iteknoloji yokungapeyinti. Le teknoloji ingene ebomini bethu, kwaye amaqokobhe ezixhobo zemihla ngemihla ukuya kwizixhobo zasekhaya asebenzise iteknoloji yokungapeyinti. Amaqokobhe ongeza umbala ohambelanayo we-nano-level metal powder kwinkqubo yokubumba ngenaliti, enza ngokuthe ngqo amaqokobhe anemibala eqaqambileyo kunye nobume besinyithi, obungasafuneki ukuba bupeyintwe konke konke, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu ungcoliseko oluveliswa kukupenda. Ngokwemvelo, ikwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimoto, ezifana ne-trim, i-grille, amaqokobhe esipili esingasemva, njl.
Umgaqo ofanayo usetyenziswa kwicandelo lesinyithi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba kwixesha elizayo, izinto zesinyithi ezisetyenziswa ngaphandle kokupeyinta ziya kuba sele zinomaleko wokukhusela okanye umaleko wombala kumzi-mveliso. Le teknoloji isetyenziswa ngoku kwicandelo leenqwelo-moya kunye nelomkhosi, kodwa ayifumaneki ukuba isetyenziswe ngabantu, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba inike uluhlu olubanzi lwemibala.
Isishwankathelo: Ukusuka kwiibhrashi ukuya kwizibhamu ukuya kwiirobhothi, ukusuka kwipeyinti yezityalo zendalo ukuya kwipeyinti yeekhemikhali zobugcisa obuphezulu, ukusuka ekufuneni ukusebenza kakuhle ukuya ekufuneni umgangatho ukuya ekufuneni impilo yokusingqongileyo, ukufuneni iteknoloji yokupenda kwishishini leemoto akukapheli, kwaye inqanaba lobuchwepheshe liya liphakama ngakumbi nangakumbi. Abapeyinti ababesebenzisa iibhrashi kwaye besebenza kwindawo enzima bebengenakukulindela ukuba ipeyinti yeemoto yanamhlanje ihambe phambili kangaka kwaye isaphuhla. Ikamva liya kuba lixesha elinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, elikrelekrele nelisebenzayo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-20-2022
